24.03.2024

Extra subpage for

• Raspberry OS on 4TB
• Squeezebox Server
• Backup with Syncthing
• DNS, DynDNS and ipv6
• Firewall with iptables
• Exposing Raspberry to Internet

Getting started with Raspberry PI5 8GB

Prepare PI5#

I followed more or less StepByStep Instructions by Harald Kreuzer to install on my PI5

OS and update#

I installed Raspberry PI 5 / Raspberry PI OS 64bit on 128GB microSD via Imager Software
Note: Settings has three tabs !

• name = raspberrypi5
• Enable SSH !
• Enable WLAN

Keep updated, for a major update (debian) you need to reinstall

> sudo apt update
> sudo apt -y full-upgrade
> sudo apt -y clean
> sudo apt -y autoremove

Automatic updates, see elektronik-kompendium.de

> sudo apt-get install unattended-upgrades            # installation
> sudo vi /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades         # created at installation
    "1" means daily
> sudo vi /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades   # created at installation
    uncommend: "origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename}-updates";

> sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades     # activate with Yes
> sudo unattended-upgrades --dry-run                  # simulate
> sudo vi /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log    # log file

Display / Lite to Desktop#

Change Raspberry OS lite to desktop.

If you need just a console via HDMI, install default desktop for raspberry.
This uses wayland for debaian bookworm and PIXEL for older versions.

> sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods
> sudo raspi-config > System Options > S5 Boot / Auto Login > B3 or B4 to use desktop    #use to switch to desktp mode

The console display is controlled via cmdline.txt.
Notes:

• the cmdline.txt must have ONE line only, keep what is in there and append with SPACE as separator
• you can have "video=" only on the first HDMI port (does not work on second)

> kmsprint | grep Connector            # find out which hdmi port is used, you need HDMI-A-1
> sudo vi /boot/firmware/cmdline.txt   # edit as ONE line !
    append in first line " video=HDMI-A-1:1920x1080M@60,rotate=90"    # rotation happens anti-clockwise

Case and PCIe#

Update 02.10.2024 I bought the Argon NEO 5 M.2 NVMe PCIE case, which has an integrated PWM fan. This box is perfect for th PI5 and has a adapter for a PCIe m.2 NVMe (not m.2 SATA!).

OLD: I used the case "Raspberry PI5 Case Acryl with FAN" from mindfactory. There seems to be many different "acryl cases" in the market, e.g. you cannot expect to get the same everywhere. My fan in this package had a two pin adapter only, which you can apply to the GPIO pins 4+5 but then the fans runs always, which is too loud. You should use the official 4 pin fan connector, e.g. buy a package with a proper fan! I guess with the 4 pins it is with PWM signal that allows the computer to change the speed of the fan.
Finally I disabled the fan as I have only max 60°C only (see Temparature below).

Storage#

What is fastest?#

Component	Default Max Speed
USB 3.0 (5Gbps)	625 MB/s
PCIe 1.0 x1	250 MB/s
PCIe 2.0 x1	500 MB/s <= default on PI5
PCIe 3.0 x1	970 MB/s <= can be enabled
Gigabit Ethernet	125 MB/s

As my case offers a PCIe M.2 NVMe slot I added a SSD 4TB Lexar NM790 M.2 2280 PCIe. This had frequently "input/output error", which could be resolved via reboot only. There seems to be an issue at the kernel, see here Anyway, I returned this device and bought a "4TB Samsung 990 PRO M.2 2280 PCIe 4.0 x4 3D-NAND TLC (MZ-V9P4T0BW)", which worked flawlessly.

Drive Speed / Performance Test#

see 1 and 2

sudo apt-get install gnome-disk-utility

After that you have following at your desktop:
Menu > Zubehör > Laufwerke > Pick One > Three Dots > Leistungstest > Enable Write / Keep Defaults > Start

My results:

Device	Read MB/s	Write MB/s	Access ms
USB Seagate Expansion Desk 5TB	134,7-135,4	44,8	16,22-17,05
USB IcyBox 366-C31 2TB	36,4	30,2	14,61
m2 Samsung SSD 990 Pro 4TB	471,1	339,6	0,09	PCI 2
m2 Samsung SSD 990 Pro 4TB	923,1	430,5	0,06	PCI 3

Alternative:

> sudo apt-get install hdparm
> sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/nvme0n1
/dev/nvme0n1:
 Timing cached reads:   5433.18 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 884.73 MB/s

Drive Info#

> sudo blkid    # get PARTUUID
> lsblk -f      # list devices
> df -h         # check size
> fdisk --list  # list all devices
> cat /sys/class/block/sdb/device/{model,vendor}  # show model+vendor
> lsblk -S		# show models of sd*
> lsusb			# usb devices info
> usb-devices		# detailed usb devices info
change label for ext4:
> sudo e2label /dev/sda1 seagate
> sudo e2label /dev/sdb1 icybox

Format #

> sudo fdisk /dev/nvme0n1
delete partition
> d
create GPT partition table
> g
create partition
> n  (use defaults)
write changes
> w
create ext4 filesystem
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p1

Secure purge#

> sudo shred -vzu -n0 /dev/nvme0n1

> sudo apt install nvme-cli
> nvme format --help
> sudo nvme list
> sudo nvme format -s2 /dev/nvme0n1

Mount#

create folder as mountpoint
> sudo mkdir /mnt/m2
mount via PARTUUID (blkid) or /dev/xxx, note: multiple USB device may switch at /dev/xxx after restart, e.g. better to use UUID !!!
add entry in fstab
> sudo vi /etc/fstab
 add line
 # file_system         mount_point         type  options                      dump pass
 /dev/nvme0n1p1        /mnt/m2             ext4  defaults,auto,users,nofail   0    2
 /dev/sda1             /mnt/usb            auto  defaults,nofail              0    2
reload and check
> sudo systemctl daemon-reload
> sudo mount -a

If you add an USB drive in fstab, make sure to use option nofail, because system will enter emergency mode (leave with Ctrl+D) if USB drive is turned off otherwise!

Update:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo reboot
sudo raspi-config
??? sudo apt install apt-transport-https <- no need for https ???

The Squeezebox Radio needs an IP address (see below), so I activated in FritzBox to give the same IP always to "raspberrypi5".

Samba#

Add samba service to share with windows

>sudo apt-get install samba
# Samba user, same password:
> sudo smbpasswd -a <user>
> sudo mkdir /var/log/samba
}}
> sudo vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
add something like:
[global]
 workgroup = WORKGROUP
# MARKUS ADDED
 netbios name = LINUXSERVER
 lanman auth = no
 ntlm auth = yes
 client lanman auth = no
 wins support = yes
 local master = yes
 preferred master = yes

# MARKUS ADDED
[Musik]
 comment=Raspberry Pi Share
 path = /media
 browseable = yes
 writeable = yes
 read only = no
 only guest = no
 create mask = 0775
 directory mask = 0755
 public = no
 force user = markus

Write permissions on windows are shared on Linux level:

> sudo chmod a+rwx /media

Linux Commands
note: you see the shares used only if some user uses currently, otherwise check config

> sudo service smbd restart
> sudo smbcontrol all reload-config
> samba --version => Version 4.17.12-Debian
> systemctl status smbd
> sudo smbstatus
> sudo smbstatus --shares
> sudo pdbedit -L -v
> cat /var/log/samba/log.smbd

In Windows use
\\raspberrypi5\Musik => Anmelden
or just the device to see all shares
\\raspberrypi5

Temperature and Power#

Power
You cannot properly messure power consumption in PI, app "powertop" cannot be used due to missing batterie.

 > vcgencmd measure_volts => volt = 0,7200V

I used a smart power adapter from Gosund to check:

• 3,0 - 3,4W while idle/streaming
• 3,6 - 3,9W while copying files via Samba

Temperature
You can use Linux for checking that:

 > sudo cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp

Some Linux background about temperatures:
see folder /sys/class/thermal/
=> zones, PI5 has one only = thermal_zone0
note: values like 60050 = 60,05°C

file	description	value
type	Type of the thermal zone	cpu-thermal
temp	Current temperature	56,0 - 60,5 °C without fan in arcyl case (sdCard side open)
mode	Working mode of the thermal zone	enabled
policy	Thermal governor used for this zone	step_wise
available_policies	Available thermal governors for this zone	step_wise
trip_points	temp=temperature/type=type/hyst=Hysteresis value for this trip point	0 critical / 110 °C / 0
		1 active / 50 °C / 5
		2 active / 60 °C / 5
		3 active / 67,5 / 5
		4 active / 75 °C / 5
slope	Slope constant applied as linear extrapolation	-550
sustainable_power	Sustainable dissipatable power	0
k_po	Proportional term during temperature overshoot	0
k_pu	Proportional term during temperature undershoot	0
k_i	PID's integral term in the power allocator gov	0
k_d	PID's derivative term in the power allocator	0
integral_cutoff	Offset above which errors are accumulated	0
offset	Offset constant applied as linear extrapolation	450000

Current CPU frequency

 > cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq => 15000000
 > vcgencmd measure_clock arm => frequency(0)=1500004352

Software / Use Cases#

UPnP/DLNA Streaming Server - minidlna#

Notes

• This is for all media, musik is already available with LMS.
• KODI etc is running as app, e.g. you need to connect HDMI from Raspberry to TV !
• though >wide_links=yes< should allow symbolic links, it is NOT working with minidlna !
• Standard share is media_dir=/var/lib/minidlna, you may want to change at /etc/minidlna.conf

sudo apt install minidlna
sudo service minidlna restart
> minidlnad -h
> sudo minidlnad -R
> sudo service minidlna restart
> sudo rm /var/cache/minidlna/files.db   # purge media database
> sudo netstat -ntpl                     # check port 8200

config

vi /etc/default/minidlna 
vi /etc/minidlna.conf        # <= edit here

Access Desktop Remotely / VNC#

see remote-access

VNC - Virtual Network Computing (Remote Framebuffer Protocol)
Raspberry comes with realvncserver by default (alternative tightvncserver)

Enable WayVNC

> sudo raspi-config > Interface options > VNC > Enable
On Windows install [TigerVNC|https://github.com/TigerVNC/tigervnc/releases] > Binary Relases > tigervnc64-1.14.1.exe
Run "TigerVNC Viewer"
Options > Input > Enable "Show dot when no cursor"
Enter IP address > Connect

Image viewer feh#

> sudo apt-get install feh
> feh -g 640x480 -d -S filename /path/to/directory
> feh --start-at ./foo.jpg /path/to/directory

Shortcuts
You can reset/overwride with file ~/.config/feh/keys
Use feh:

• in terminal, navigate to folder with fotos and > feh
• run for dedicated folder:

man feh

-Z =auto zoom
-x = borderless
-F = fullscreen
-S name =sorting
> feh -ZxF -S name --start-at /mnt/m2/photos

Monitoring with RPi Monitor#

help1 | help2

> gpg --no-default-keyring --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 2C0D3C0F
> sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 2C0D3C0F
> sudo wget http://goo.gl/vewCLL -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/rpimonitor.list
> sudo apt update && sudo apt install rpimonitor
> sudo /etc/init.d/rpimonitor install_auto_package_status_update
> sudo /etc/init.d/rpimonitor restart

Note: you can customize/add network and service monitoring for example at files

• /etc/rpimonitor/daemon.conf
• /etc/rpimonitor/template/network.conf
  
• ...

Web GUI at http://raspberrypi5:8888 Note: you can also use your own web server

#daemon.noserver=1

wifi / wlan#

If you connect via cable, you do not need wlan
Check WLAN

> ifconfig  > find "wlan0"
> dmesg   	> find "WLAN Adapter"
(sudo dmesg -c   clear messages)
> sudo iwconfig  <========= find "Mode:Managed Access Point"
	> sudo iwgetid
	> sudo apt-get install iw
	> iwconfig  find "IEEE 802.11bgn"
	> iwlist chan
	> iw list

Disable wlan

> sudo vi /boot/firmware/config.txt
add after [all]
dtoverlay=disable-wifi

> rfkill
> rfkill block wifi
> rfkill unblock wifi
> sudo ip link set wlan0 down

Issues#

No sound over HDMI (Browser Streaming)#

Solution at tecchannel

sudo vi /boot/firmware/config.txt

# added Markus EDIT for HDMI sound output in browser on TV
hdmi_drive=2
hdmi_force_hotplug=2

Error message "Cannot open access to console, the root acccount is locked"#

Solution at github
=> turn on external harddisk while booting, you can turn off afterwards again

Raspberry not accessible now and then#

Unsolved, please check

journalctl

Error monitor.c:222: warn: WARNING: Inotify max_user_watches [63376] is low or close to the number of used watches [29] and I do not have permission to increase this limit. Please do so manually by writing a higher value into /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches.

sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_instances=8192
sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=524288
sudo sysctl -p

Login loop after installing VNC#

Error "Unable to drop root (we shouldn't be able to restore it after setuid), refusing to start" My desktop user was assigned to group "root".
=> assign another primary group

minidlna does not stream#

Do not use symbolic links in your media drive, content there will be listed, but not displayed!

no diskspace on mmcblk0p2 (SD Card extension partition, e.g. not the boot one)#

> sudo lsblk -f    # check partition usage
> df               # check where partition is used
> sudo du -h -d 1  # check all folder's usage in current folder

Solution: with du I could identify that minidlna log captured everything at /var/log/minidlna