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24.03.2024

Extra subpage for 
* [Raspberry OS on 4TB]
* [Squeezebox Server]
* [Backup] with Syncthing
* [Raspberry Security]

[{TableOfContents }]

[Getting started with Raspberry PI5 8GB|https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/getting-started.html]

!Prepare PI5
I followed more or less [StepByStep Instructions by Harald Kreuzer|https://www.haraldkreuzer.net/aktuelles/logitech-media-server-auf-dem-raspberry-pi-4b-mit-5-zoll-display-installieren] to install on my PI5

! OS and update
I installed Raspberry PI 5 / Raspberry PI OS 64bit on 128GB microSD via Imager Software\\
Note: Settings has three tabs !
* name = raspberrypi5
* Enable SSH !
* Enable WLAN

Keep updated, for a major update (debian) you need to reinstall
{{{
> sudo apt update
> sudo apt -y full-upgrade
> sudo apt -y clean
> sudo apt -y autoremove
}}}
Automatic updates, see [elektronik-kompendium.de|https://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/raspberry-pi/2002101.htm]
{{{
> sudo apt-get install unattended-upgrades            # installation
> sudo vi /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades         # created at installation
    "1" means daily
> sudo vi /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades   # created at installation
    uncommend: "origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename}-updates";

> sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades     # activate with Yes
> sudo unattended-upgrades --dry-run                  # simulate
> sudo vi /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log    # log file
}}}

!! Case and PCIe
Update 02.10.2024 I bought the [Argon NEO 5 M.2 NVMe PCIE|https://botland.de/gehause-fur-raspberry-pi-5/24397-argon-neo-5-m2-nvme-pcie-gehause-fur-raspberry-pi-5-mit-lufter-und-kuhlkorper-aluminium-schwarz-860011360056.html] case, which has an integrated PWM fan. This box is perfect for th PI5 and has a adapter for a PCIe m.2 NVMe (not m.2 SATA!).

OLD: ''I used the case "Raspberry PI5 Case Acryl with FAN" from mindfactory. There seems to be many different "acryl cases" in the market, e.g. you cannot expect to get the same everywhere. My fan in this package had a two pin adapter only, which you can apply to the [GPIO pins 4+5|https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/raspberry-pi.html] but then the fans runs always, which is too loud. You should use the official 4 pin fan connector, e.g. buy a package with a proper fan! I guess with the 4 pins it is with PWM signal that allows the computer to change the speed of the fan.\\
Finally I disabled the fan as I have only max 60°C only (see Temparature below).''

!! Storage

!What is fastest?

[{Table style='width:auto'

||Component||Default Max Speed
|USB 3.0 (5Gbps)|625 MB/s
|PCIe 1.0 x1|250 MB/s
|PCIe 2.0 x1|500 MB/s <= default on PI5
|PCIe 3.0 x1|970 MB/s <= can be enabled 
|Gigabit Ethernet|125 MB/s
}]

As my case offers a PCIe M.2 NVMe slot I added a SSD 4TB Lexar NM790 M.2 2280 PCIe. This had frequently "input/output error", which could be resolved via reboot only. There seems to be an issue at the kernel, see [here|https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/lexar-nm790-2tb.134293/]
Anyway, I returned this device and bought a "4TB Samsung 990 PRO M.2 2280 PCIe 4.0 x4 3D-NAND TLC (MZ-V9P4T0BW)", which worked flawlessly.

!Drive Speed / Performance Test
see [1|https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=75125] and [2|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Disks]\\
{{{
sudo apt-get install gnome-disk-utility
}}}
After that you have following at your desktop: \\
Menu > Zubehör > Laufwerke > Pick One > Three Dots > Leistungstest > Enable Write / Keep Defaults > Start

My results:
[{Table style='width:auto'

||Device||Read MB/s||Write MB/s||Access ms
|USB Seagate Expansion Desk 5TB|134,7-135,4|44,8|16,22-17,05
|USB IcyBox 366-C31 2TB|36,4|30,2|14,61
|m2 Samsung SSD 990 Pro 4TB|471,1|339,6|0,09|PCI 2
|m2 Samsung SSD 990 Pro 4TB|923,1|430,5|0,06|PCI 3
}]
Alternative:
{{{
> sudo apt-get install hdparm
> sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/nvme0n1
/dev/nvme0n1:
 Timing cached reads:   5433.18 MB/sec
 Timing buffered disk reads: 884.73 MB/s
}}}

!Drive Info
{{{
> sudo blkid    # get PARTUUID
> lsblk -f      # list devices
> df -h         # check size
> fdisk --list  # list all devices
> cat /sys/class/block/sdb/device/{model,vendor}  # show model+vendor
> lsblk -S		# show models of sd*
> lsusb			# usb devices info
> usb-devices		# detailed usb devices info
change label for ext4:
> sudo e2label /dev/sda1 seagate
> sudo e2label /dev/sdb1 icybox
}}}

!Format 
{{{
> sudo fdisk /dev/nvme0n1
delete partition
> d
create GPT partition table
> g
create partition
> n  (use defaults)
write changes
> w
create ext4 filesystem
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p1
}}}

!Secure purge
{{{
> sudo shred -vzu -n0 /dev/nvme0n1
}}}
{{{
> sudo apt install nvme-cli
> nvme format --help
> sudo nvme list
> sudo nvme format -s2 /dev/nvme0n1
}}}

!Mount
{{{
create folder as mountpoint
> sudo mkdir /mnt/m2
mount via PARTUUID (blkid) or /dev/xxx, note: multiple USB device may switch at /dev/xxx after restart, e.g. better to use UUID !!!
add entry in fstab
> sudo vi /etc/fstab
 add line
 # file_system         mount_point         type  options                      dump pass
 /dev/nvme0n1p1        /mnt/m2             ext4  defaults,auto,users,nofail   0    2
 /dev/sda1             /mnt/usb            auto  defaults,nofail              0    2
reload and check
> sudo systemctl daemon-reload
> sudo mount -a
}}}
If you add an USB drive in fstab, make sure to use option __nofail__, because system will enter emergency mode (leave with Ctrl+D) if USB drive is turned off otherwise!

Update:
{{{
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo reboot
sudo raspi-config
??? sudo apt install apt-transport-https <- no need for https ???
}}}

The Squeezebox Radio needs an IP address (see below), so I activated in FritzBox to give the same IP always to "raspberrypi5".

!Samba
Add samba service to share with windows
{{{
>sudo apt-get install samba
# Samba user, same password:
> sudo smbpasswd -a <user>
> sudo mkdir /var/log/samba
}}
> sudo vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
add something like:
[global]
 workgroup = WORKGROUP
# MARKUS ADDED
 netbios name = LINUXSERVER
 lanman auth = no
 ntlm auth = yes
 client lanman auth = no
 wins support = yes
 local master = yes
 preferred master = yes

# MARKUS ADDED
[Musik]
 comment=Raspberry Pi Share
 path = /media
 browseable = yes
 writeable = yes
 read only = no
 only guest = no
 create mask = 0775
 directory mask = 0755
 public = no
 force user = markus
}}} 
Write permissions on windows are shared on Linux level: 
{{{
> sudo chmod a+rwx /media
}}}
 
Linux Commands\\
note: you see the shares used only if some user uses currently, otherwise check config
{{{
> sudo service smbd restart
> sudo smbcontrol all reload-config
> samba --version => Version 4.17.12-Debian
> systemctl status smbd
> sudo smbstatus
> sudo smbstatus --shares
> sudo pdbedit -L -v
> cat /var/log/samba/log.smbd
}}}

In Windows use\\	
~\\raspberrypi5\Musik => Anmelden\\
or just the device to see all shares\\
~\\raspberrypi5

!Temperature and Power
__Power__\\
You cannot properly messure power consumption in PI, app "powertop" cannot be used due to missing batterie.\\
{{{
 > vcgencmd measure_volts => volt = 0,7200V
}}}
I used a smart power adapter from Gosund to check:
* 3,0 - 3,4W while idle/streaming
* 3,6 - 3,9W while copying files via Samba

__Temperature__\\
You can use Linux for checking that:\\
{{{
 > sudo cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp
}}}
Some Linux background about temperatures:\\ 
see folder /sys/class/thermal/ \\
=> zones, PI5 has one only = thermal_zone0\\
note: values like 60050 = 60,05°C
||file||description||value
|type|Type of the thermal zone|cpu-thermal
|temp|Current temperature|__56,0 - 60,5 °C__ without fan in arcyl case (sdCard side open)
|mode|Working mode of the thermal zone|enabled
|policy|Thermal governor used for this zone|step_wise
|available_policies|Available thermal governors for this zone|step_wise
|trip_points|temp=temperature/type=type/hyst=Hysteresis value for this trip point|0 critical / 110 °C / 0
| | |1 active   /  50 °C / 5
| | |2 active   /  60 °C / 5
| | |3 active   /  67,5  / 5
| | |4 active   /  75 °C / 5
|slope|Slope constant applied as linear extrapolation|-550
|sustainable_power|Sustainable dissipatable power|0
|k_po|Proportional term during temperature overshoot|0
|k_pu|Proportional term during temperature undershoot|0
|k_i|PID's integral term in the power allocator gov|0
|k_d|PID's derivative term in the power allocator|0
|integral_cutoff|Offset above which errors are accumulated|0
|offset|Offset constant applied as linear extrapolation|450000

__Current CPU frequency__
{{{
 > cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq => 15000000
 > vcgencmd measure_clock arm => frequency(0)=1500004352
}}}

!!Software / Use Cases

! UPnP/DLNA Streaming Server - [minidlna|https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MiniDLNA]
Notes
* This is for all media, musik is already available with LMS.
* KODI etc is running as app, e.g. you need to connect HDMI from Raspberry to TV !
* though >wide_links=yes< should allow symbolic links, it is NOT working with minidlna !
* Standard share is media_dir=/var/lib/minidlna, you may want to change at /etc/minidlna.conf

{{{
sudo apt install minidlna
sudo service minidlna restart
> minidlnad -h
> sudo minidlnad -R
> sudo service minidlna restart
> sudo rm /var/cache/minidlna/files.db   # purge media database
> sudo netstat -ntpl                     # check port 8200
}}}

config
{{{
vi /etc/default/minidlna 
vi /etc/minidlna.conf        # <= edit here
}}}	

! Access Desktop Remotely / VNC
see [remote-access|https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/remote-access.html]

VNC - Virtual Network Computing (Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\\
Raspberry comes with realvncserver by default (alternative tightvncserver)

Enable WayVNC 
{{{
> sudo raspi-config > Interface options > VNC > Enable
On Windows install [TigerVNC|https://github.com/TigerVNC/tigervnc/releases] > Binary Relases > tigervnc64-1.14.1.exe
Run "TigerVNC Viewer"
Options > Input > Enable "Show dot when no cursor"
Enter IP address > Connect
}}}

! Image viewer feh
{{{
> sudo apt-get install feh
> feh -g 640x480 -d -S filename /path/to/directory
> feh --start-at ./foo.jpg /path/to/directory
}}}
[Shortcuts|https://man.finalrewind.org/1/feh/]\\
You can reset/overwride with file ~/.config/feh/keys\\
Use feh:
* in terminal, navigate to folder with fotos and > feh
* run for dedicated folder:
[man feh|https://linux.die.net/man/1/feh]
{{{
-Z =auto zoom
-x = borderless
-F = fullscreen
-S name =sorting
> feh -ZxF -S name --start-at /mnt/m2/photos
}}}

!Monitoring with RPi Monitor
[help1|https://www.raspberry-pi-geek.de/ausgaben/rpg/2020/02/ressourcen-ueberwachen-auf-dem-raspberry-pi/] | [help2|https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=raspberry+rpi+monitor#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:89142cc0,vid:b_hauVq17zc,st:0]\\
{{{
> gpg --no-default-keyring --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 2C0D3C0F
> sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 2C0D3C0F
> sudo wget http://goo.gl/vewCLL -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/rpimonitor.list
> sudo apt update && sudo apt install rpimonitor
> sudo /etc/init.d/rpimonitor install_auto_package_status_update
> sudo /etc/init.d/rpimonitor restart
}}}
Note: you can customize/add network and service monitoring for example at files
* /etc/rpimonitor/daemon.conf
* /etc/rpimonitor/template/network.conf\\
* ...
Web GUI at [http://raspberrypi5:8888]
Note: you can also use your own web server
{{{
#daemon.noserver=1
}}}

!! wifi / wlan
If you connect via cable, you do not need wlan\\
Check WLAN
{{{
> ifconfig  > find "wlan0"
> dmesg   	> find "WLAN Adapter"
(sudo dmesg -c   clear messages)
> sudo iwconfig  <========= find "Mode:Managed Access Point"
	> sudo iwgetid
	> sudo apt-get install iw
	> iwconfig  find "IEEE 802.11bgn"
	> iwlist chan
	> iw list
}}}
Disable wlan
{{{
> sudo vi /boot/firmware/config.txt
add after [all]
dtoverlay=disable-wifi
}}}
{{{
> rfkill
> rfkill block wifi
> rfkill unblock wifi
> sudo ip link set wlan0 down
}}}



!!Issues

!No sound over HDMI (Browser Streaming)
Solution at [tecchannel|https://www.tecchannel.de/a/raspberry-pi-die-8-haeufigsten-probleme-einfach-loesen,3281367,4]

sudo vi /boot/firmware/config.txt
{{{
# added Markus EDIT for HDMI sound output in browser on TV
hdmi_drive=2
hdmi_force_hotplug=2
}}}

! Error message "Cannot open access to console, the root acccount is locked"
Solution at [github|https://gist.github.com/gnh1201/ef8fd8b7aa7ba1f76708d2e701ae25a5]\\
=> turn on external harddisk while booting, you can turn off afterwards again

!Raspberry not accessible now and then
Unsolved, please check
{{{
journalctl
}}}
Error monitor.c:222: warn: WARNING: [Inotify|https://www.suse.com/de-de/support/kb/doc/?id=000020048] max_user_watches [[63376] is low or close to the number of used watches [[29] and I do not have permission to increase this limit.  Please do so manually by writing a higher value into /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches.
{{{
sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_instances=8192
sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=524288
sudo sysctl -p
}}}

! Login loop after installing VNC
Error "Unable to drop root (we shouldn't be able to restore it after setuid), refusing to start"
My desktop user was assigned to group "root".\\
=> assign another [primary group|User]

!minidlna does not stream
Do not use symbolic links in your media drive, content there will be listed, but not displayed!